The Good, Bad, & Ugly of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medications

Abstract

The medications often used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) include stimulants like methylphenidate and other amphetamines. Some evidence is beginning to show that these pharmaceuticals may help mitigate functional, and possibly structural brain alterations as well as behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD diagnoses. These medications are thought to facilitate concentration, focus, and regulate altered brain function by increasing dopamine, However, additional research portrays an alternate perspective on the drugs. In some cases, the use of these medications has been associated with serious side effects including risks of psychosis, risk for problematic substance use, and other externalizing behaviors. Evidence is still lacking as to whether long-term treatment with these medications is leading to a risk for psychosis, substance use, and externalizing behaviors. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain contribute more knowledge but also motivate additional questions that remain to be answered. In this review, we specifically focus on the benefits and potential dangers of these medications for the developing brain. Further, we will discuss evidence of altered functioning among individuals living with ADHD in various large-scale brain networks and the consequences of attention and behavior. Additionally, we will summarize evidence of the various short-term and long-term impacts of a variety of different ADHD medications prescribed at different doses. Overall, more studies are needed to enhance understanding of these medications, their benefits, and potential risks.