Factors Influencing Chinese Students' Smoking: The Role of Overseas Study and Social Networks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v13i4.2723Keywords:
Social Networks, Smoking, Friendship, Kinship, Chinese International StudentsAbstract
This study explores how the smoking behaviours of UK-based Chinese students are influenced by their social networks, particularly their friends and family members. It addresses an empirical gap by testing the validity of three social network mechanisms: person-to-person contact, social support, and social stress. Additionally, it examines how studying abroad affects smoking behaviours by comparing these behaviours with those of Chinese students in China. The analysis is based on original survey data from 224 Chinese undergraduate students. The results show significant positive associations between the likelihood of a student smoking and the prevalence of tobacco use among their friends and family members. Students whose friends disapproved of smoking were significantly less likely to be smokers. Among current non-smokers, family members’ approval of smoking increased the likelihood of non-smokers intending to start smoking. This study contributes to identifying the social factors that require the most attention to mitigate university students’ exposure to tobacco consumption.
Downloads
Metrics
References or Bibliography
Agresti, A. and Finlay, B. (2018). Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences. Global Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Andrade, C. (2020). Sample Size and Its Importance in Research. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, [online] 42(1), pp.102–103. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_504_19 [Accessed 11 December 2022].
Ansari, W.E. and Stock, C. (2012). Factors Associated With Smoking, Quit Attempts and Attitudes Towards Total Smoking Bans at University: A Survey of Seven Universities in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, [online] 13(2), pp.705–714. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.2.705 [Accessed 16 November 2022].
Berkman, L.F. and Kawachi, I. (2000). Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bovier, P.A., Chamot, E. and Perneger, T.V. (2004). Perceived Stress, Internal Resources, and Social Support as Determinants of Mental Health Among Young Adults. Quality of Life Research, [online] 13, pp.161–170. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:QURE.0000015288.43768.e4 [Accessed 18 November 2022].
Burgess-Hull, A.J., Roberts, L.J., Piper, M.E. and Baker, T.B. (2018). The Social Networks of Smokers Attempting to Quit: An Empirically Derived and Validated Classification. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours, [online] 32(1), pp.64–75. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000336 [Accessed 18 November 2022].
[CRCS] Center on Religion and Chinese Society (2018). 2018 Purdue Survey of Chinese Students and Scholars in the United States: A General Report of the Center on Religion and Chinese Society. West Lafayette, Purdue University. [online] Available at: https://www.globaleast.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2018-Purdue-Survey-Report_Rev.pdf [Accessed 25 December 2022].
Coleman, J. (2004). ‘Study Abroad’, in Byram, M. (eds), Routledge Encyclopaedia of Language Teaching and Learning. London: Routledge, pp.582-584.
Counsell, D. (2011). Chinese Students Abroad: Why They Choose the UK and How They See Their Future. China: An International Journal, [online] 09(01), pp.48–71. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219747211000045 [Accessed 18 Jan. 2023].
Cronk, N.J. and Piasecki, T.M. (2010). Contextual and Subjective Antecedents of Smoking in a College Student Sample. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, [online] 12(10), pp.997–1004. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntq136 [Accessed 16 November 2022].
Gumpili, S.P. and Das, A.V. (2022). Sample Size and Its Evolution in Research. IHOPE Journal of Ophthalmology, [online] 1(1), pp.9–13. Available at: https://ihopejournalofophthalmology.com/sample-size-and-its-evolution-in-research/ [Accessed 11 December 2022].
[IHME] Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2019). Global Burden of Disease [database]. [online] Available at: https://extranet.who.int/ncdsmicrodata/index.php/catalog/270 [Accessed 12 November 2022].
Leighton, K., Kardong-Edgren, S., Schneidereith, T. and Foisy-Doll, C. (2021). Using Social Media and Snowball Sampling as an Alternative Recruitment Strategy for Research. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, [online] 55(1), pp.37–42. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2021.03.006 [Accessed 10 Jul. 2023].
Leonardi-Bee, J., Jere, M. and Britton, J. (2011). Exposure to Parental and Sibling Smoking and the Risk of Smoking Uptake in Childhood and Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Thorax, [online] 66, pp.847–855. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2010.153379 [Accessed 13 November 2022].
Li, X., Mao, R., Stanton, B. and Zhao, Q. (2009). Parental, Behavioral, and Psychological Factors Associated With Cigarette Smoking Among Secondary School Students in Nanjing, China. Journal of Child and Family Studies, [online] 19, pp.308–317. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9299-1 [Accessed 16 November 2022].
Li, X., Tan, Y., Li, S. and Wang, X. (2022). Psychological Distress and Smoking Behaviours of Chinese College Students: Mediating Effects of the Dimensions of Learning Burnout. BMC Psychology, [online] 10(125). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00840-6 [Accessed 13 November 2022].
Mao, R., Li, X., Stanton, B., Wang, J., Hong, Y., Zhang, H. and Chen, X. (2009). Psychosocial Correlates of Cigarette Smoking Among College Students in China. Health Education Research, [online] 24(1), pp.105–118. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyn002 [Accessed 16 November 2022].
Margolis, R. and Wright, L. (2016). Better off Alone than with a Smoker: The Influence of Partner’s Smoking Behaviour in Later Life. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, [online] 71(4), pp.687–697. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu220 [Accessed 18 November 2022].
Marin, A., and Wellman, B. (2011). "Social Network Analysis: An Introduction". In The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis. Edited by J. Scott and P. J. Carrington, pp.11–25. London: SAGE.
Nichter, M., Nichter, M. and Carkoglu, A. (2007). Reconsidering Stress and Smoking: A Qualitative Study Among College Students. Tobacco Control, [online] 16(3), pp.211–214. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2007.019869 [Accessed 25 December 2022].
Oh, H., Jeong, H. and Seo, W. (2013). Integrative Smoking Cessation Stage Model for Chinese Students Studying in Korea. Asian Nursing Research, [online] 7(4), pp.182–190. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2013.09.001 [Accessed 25 December 2022].
Punch, K. (2014). Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. London: Sage Publications.
Rose, L.E. and Campbell, J. (2000). The Role of Social Support and Family Relations in Women’s Responses to Battering. Health Care for Women International, [online] 21(1), pp.27–39. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/073993300245384 [Accessed 17 November 2022].
Sa, J., Seo, D., Nelson, T.F. and Lohrmann, D.K. (2013). Cigarette Smoking Among Korean International College Students in the United States. Journal of American College Health, [online] 61(8), pp.454–467. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2013.832253 [Accessed 16 November 2022].
Saari, A.J., Kentala, J. and Mattila, K.J. (2014). TheSmoking Habit of a Close Friend or Family Member—How Deep is the Impact? A Cross-sectional Study. BMJ Open, [online] 4(2), p.e003218. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003218 [Accessed 16 November 2022].
Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and Cons of Different Sampling Techniques. International Journal of Applied Research, [online] 3(7), pp.749–752. Available at: https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2017/vol3issue7/PartK/3-7-69-542.pdf [Accessed 10 December 2022].
Smith, H.J., Chen, J. and Liu, X. (2008). Language and Rigour in Qualitative Research: Problems and Principles in Analyzing Data Collected in Mandarin. BMC Medical Research Methodology, [online] 8(44). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-44 [Accessed 11 December 2022].
Textor, C. (2022). China: Study Abroad Destinations 2020. [online] Statista. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1108708/china-students-preferred-destinations-for-study-abroad/ [Accessed 18 May 2023].
The Survey System of the University of Tsinghua (2020). Personal Survey on Smoking. [online] wenjuan.tsinghua.edu.cn. Available at: https://wenjuan.tsinghua.edu.cn/lib_detail_full/569dc4c0a320fc9a2b63c0a7 [Accessed 9 November 2022].
Thomas, L., Orme, E. and Kerrigan, F. (2020). Student loneliness: The Role of Social Media Through Life Transitions. Computers & Education, [online] 146, p.103754. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103754 [Accessed 10 December 2022].
Thomeer, M.B., Hernandez, E., Umberson, D. and Thomas, P.A. (2019). Influence of Social Connections on Smoking Behavior Across the Life Course. Advances in Life Course Research, [online] 42, p.100294. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2019.100294 [Accessed 18 November 2022].
Tongzhou District People’s Government of Beijing Municipality (2020). Electronic Cigarette Regulatory Questionnaire. [online] www.bjtzh.gov.cn. Available at: http://www.bjtzh.gov.cn/bjtz/c106654/wjdc.shtml?id=0e8127369bdf4c85a7733a96d23fb572 [Accessed 9 November 2022].
Umberson, D., Liu, H. and Reczek, C. (2008). Stress and Health Behaviour over the Life Course. Advances in Life Course Research, [online] 13, pp.19–44. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-2608(08)00002-6 [Accessed 18 November 2022].
Wang, Z. (2009). Comparison of Chinese and Western Value from Four Kinds of Angles. J Lianyungang Teach Coll, 26(3), pp.45–48.
[WHO] World Health Organization (2022). Tobacco. [online] Who.int. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco [Accessed 13 November 2022].
Wu, Y., Fan, H., Guo, Z. and Wei, L. (2018). Factors Associated with Smoking Intentions Among Chinese College Students. American Journal of Men’s Health, [online] 13(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318818285 [Accessed 18 November 2022].
Ye, J. (2007). An Examination of Acculturative Stress, Interpersonal Social Support, and Use of Online Ethnic Social Groups Among Chinese International Students. Howard Journal of Communications, [online] 17(1), pp.1–20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170500487764 [Accessed 16 November 2022].
Ye, J. (2017). Traditional and Online Support Networks in the Cross-cultural Adaptation of Chinese International Students in the United States. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, [online] 11(3), pp.863–876. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00039.x [Accessed 16 November 2022].
Zhang, W. (2022). China: Adult Smoking Prevalence Rate. [online] Statista. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1170625/china-share-of-smoking-adults/ [Accessed 13 November 2022].
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Xin Li; Yixiao Wang, Wei Yang

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder(s) granted JSR a perpetual, non-exclusive license to distriute & display this article.